Additional lectures

Virtual Water 

1) Water Various food crops have different amount of water in it. (Virtual Water)

2) Import of food crop i.e. palm oil, soybeans, sunflower oil, and cashews from various countries (Indonesia/ Malaysia, Brazil/Argentina, Russia/Ukraine, West Africa) lead to an import of Virtual water in India.

3) Export of food crop i.e. rice and cereal led to export of Virtual water in India. 

4) The cost of Virtual water imported is different from Virtual water exported.

 

The total cost of virtual water per unit of a product is determined by multiplying its water intensity by the economic value of water.

 

 

 4) Water footprint of a crop puts water stress on groundwater resources, leading to decline in water quantity in water-stress regions of India.

 

5) Saudi Arabia launched a massive, heavily subsidized agricultural program in the 1980s that relied entirely on pumping ancient, non-renewable fossil water. In the mid-2010s, the government officially phased out domestic wheat production and heavily restricted water-intensive crops to save its rapidly depleting aquifers or stopped export of virtual water.

 

 

 

Health of India by air pollution 

Years of Life Lost (YLL)

The map of India visualizes the percentage of total YLLs caused by lower respiratory infections (LRIs) from air pollution in 2023.

• High Burden: Northern and Central India (red zones), particularly Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, show the highest impact.

• Low Burden: Southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu (blue zones) show significantly lower percentages

YLL of different states of India due to air pollution 

State-Wise Gender Comparison

This horizontal bar chart compares the percentage of total YLLs between males and females across different states.

• Top of the list: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand have the highest burden for both genders, nearing 40%.

• Bottom of the list: Kerala and Tamil Nadu remain the least affected, with figures closer to 20% (p. 3).